Particles of conjunction - أَدَوَاتُ التَّصْرِيف
Introduction
Conjunctions are grammatical elements used to link words within sentences.
1. Types of particles of conjunction
Here is a refined list of conjunctions:
1. وَ – “and.” This is known as وَاو عَطَف, used to link one sentence to another or a name to another name.
2. وَ – “when.” This is called وَاو الحَال and is placed between two sentences, with the second being a nominal sentence.
3. فَ – “then.” It implies a close connection between the sentences before and after it.
4. أَوْ – “or.” It is employed to express doubt or provide a choice among a few mentioned options.
5. أَمْ – “whether.” Used to determine one choice among several when the first object is preceded by the hamza أ.
6. إِذْ – “when,” “since,” “after,” or “because.” It is used with both nominal and verbal sentences and refers to something in the past.
7. إِذَا – “when” or “if.” It typically indicates a time related to the present or future.
8. ثُمَّ – “after that,” “then,” or “thereupon.” It often introduces sentences without a preceding و or ف.
9. حَتَّى – “until” or “even up to,” indicating the termination of an action or object.
10. لَكِنْ / لَكِنَّ – “but.” لَكِنْ is followed by a verb, while لَكِنَّ is followed by a noun in the accusative case (e.g., لَكِنَّهُمْ).
11. إِمَّا – “either…or.” When used twice in a sentence, it conveys the meaning of “either…or…”
12. أَمَّا – “as for.” It is followed by a nominative, and the predicate is always introduced with a ف.
Examples of Conjunction Particles in the Holy Quran
فَلَا رَفَثَ وَلَا فُسُوقَ وَلَا جِدَالَ فِي الْحَجِّ
there is [to be for him] no sexual relations and no disobedience and no disputing during Hajj. (2:197)
وَآتُوا النِّسَاءَ صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةً
And give the women [upon marriage] their [bridal] gifts graciously. (4:4)
فَتَلَقَّىٰ آدَمُ مِن رَّبِّهِ كَلِمَاتٍ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ
Then Adam received from his Lord [some] words, and He accepted his repentance. (2:37)
وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا رُءُوسَكُمْ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ الْهَدْيُ مَحِلَّهُ
And do not shave your heads until the sacrificial animal has reached its place of slaughter. (2:196)
فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ بِهِ أَذًى مِّن رَّأْسِهِ فَفِدْيَةٌ مِّن صِيَامٍ أَوْ صَدَقَةٍ أَوْ نُسُكٍ
And whoever among you is ill or has an ailment of the head [making shaving necessary must offer] a ransom of fasting [three days] or charity or sacrifice. (2:196)
أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَن تَدْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَأْتِكُم مَّثَلُ الَّذِينَ خَلَوْا مِن قَبْلِكُم
Or do you think that you will enter Paradise while such [trial] has not yet come to you as came to those who passed on before you? (2:214)
وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ إِنِّي جَاعِلٌ فِي الْأَرْضِ خَلِيفَةً
And [mention, O Muhammad], when your Lord said to the angels (2:30)
إِذَا زُلْزِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ زِلْزَالَهَا
When the earth is shaken with its [final] earthquake (99:1)
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَإِذَا كُنَّا تُرَابًا وَآبَاؤُنَا أَئِنَّا لَمُخْرَجُونَ
And those who disbelieve say, “When we have become dust as well as our forefathers, will we indeed be brought out [of the graves]? (27:67)
ثُمَّ كَلَّا سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُونَ
Then no! You are going to know. (102:4)
فَلَمْ تَقْتُلُوهُمْ وَلَـٰكِنَّ اللَّـهَ قَتَلَهُمْ ۚ وَمَا رَمَيْتَ إِذْ رَمَيْتَ وَلَـٰكِنَّ اللَّـهَ رَمَىٰ
And you did not kill them, but it was Allah who killed them. And you threw not, [O Muhammad], when you threw (8:17)
فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَاءً
and either [confer] favor afterwards or ransom [them] (47:4)
أَمَّا السَّفِينَةُ فَكَانَتْ لِمَسَاكِينَ
As for the ship, it belonged to poor (18:79)
You have now completed this Arabic lesson. The next one will be insha’Allah about interjection in Arabic.
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Conclusion
This lesson on Arabic nuances concludes here. Insha’Allah, our subsequent session will delve into the past passive verb in Arabic.
Al-dirassa Institute invites you on a linguistic journey with our expert teachers to master the Arabic language. Should you wish to further your studies, we welcome your inquiries.
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